Ceuta
The contested status of Ceuta as a Spanish enclave in Morocco has led to specific consequences for this city´s development. Like Algeciras, Ceuta is characterised by migration and transnational flows of trade and contraband.
Potentials of conflict and social exclusion centre on the security of the border, as well as on urban development schemes in the port area. Like Algeciras, Ceuta´s port is currently expanding.
While gentrification processes can be observed in the area of the old fishing port and adjoining neighbourhoods, migrants´ shantytown communities in the periphery are characterised by a high degree of deprivation.
In the inner city illegal migrants work as street vendors and drug traders. As in Ceuta, the Red Cross and several church-based NGOs deal with socially excluded segments of the population.